Docker速通笔记

1、为什么有Docker

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Docker能帮助加速构建、分享、运行你的应用

2、Docker架构与容器化

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例：想要从Registry下载redis的方法：

Client输入命令docker pull redis，命令会被发给Docker Daemon，由Docker Daemon连接上Registry，下载redis到Docker主机中。

Client中输入第二条命令docker run redis（注：这里redis指的是镜像名），命令被发送到Docker主机后，主机会寻找对应镜像名的镜像（如果找不到的话，也会从Registry中自动下载镜像），找到镜像后就会将镜像运行起来

想要构建需要学会的命令：docker build xxx

想要分享需要学会的命令：docker pull xxx，docker push xxx

想要运行需要学会的命令：docker run xxx

到底什么是容器？

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传统的部署情况下会因为某个应用内存泄漏等问题，压缩其他应用的生存空间；而虚拟化部署虽然通过虚拟机将应用之间进行了隔离，但是每一个虚拟机内都有一个独立的操作系统，过于笨重；容器部署就解决了传统部署和虚拟化部署存在的问题——隔离和笨重

容器类似轻量级的VM，共享操作系统内核，拥有自己的文件系统、CPU、内存、进程空间等，互相隔离

优点：轻量、快速、隔离、跨平台、高密度等

3、安装

国内常见云平台：

阿里云、腾讯云、华为云、青云……

使用 CentOS 7.9

WindTerm下载：https://github.com/kingToolbox/WindTerm/releases/download/2.6.0/WindTerm_2.6.1_Windows_Portable_x86_64.zip

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# 移除旧版本docker
sudo yum remove docker \
                  docker-client \
                  docker-client-latest \
                  docker-common \
                  docker-latest \
                  docker-latest-logrotate \
                  docker-logrotate \
                  docker-engine

# 配置docker yum源。
sudo yum install -y yum-utils
sudo yum-config-manager \
--add-repo \
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo


# 安装 最新 docker
sudo yum install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin

# 启动& 开机启动docker； enable + start 二合一
systemctl enable docker --now

# 配置加速
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://82m9ar63.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

注意：使用的如果是openEuler的话，可能会出现报错Error: 为仓库 ‘docker-ce-stable’ 下载元数据失败 : Cannot download repomd.xml: Cannot download repodata/repomd.xml: All mirrors were tried

因为查看docker库中只有centos/7/ 或 centos/8/ 的目录，所以我们进入到/etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo，去修改下载的url（即从baseurl=https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/$releasever/$basearch/stable中，修改$releasever为openEuler对应centOs的版本，22.03对应cenOs7，就改为7）

4、命令

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#查看运行中的容器
docker ps
#查看所有容器
docker ps -a
#搜索镜像
docker search nginx
#下载镜像
docker pull nginx
#下载指定版本镜像
docker pull nginx:1.26.0
#查看所有镜像
docker images
#删除指定id的镜像
docker rmi e784f4560448


#运行一个新容器
docker run nginx
#停止容器
docker stop keen_blackwell
#启动容器
docker start 592
#重启容器
docker restart 592
#查看容器资源占用情况
docker stats 592
#查看容器日志
docker logs 592
#删除指定容器
docker rm 592
#强制删除指定容器
docker rm -f 592
# 后台启动容器
docker run -d --name mynginx nginx
# 后台启动并暴露端口
docker run -d --name mynginx -p 80:80 nginx
# 进入容器内部
docker exec -it mynginx /bin/bash
# 退出容器
exit

# 提交容器变化打成一个新的镜像
docker commit -m "update index.html" mynginx mynginx:v1.0
# 保存镜像为指定文件
docker save -o mynginx.tar mynginx:v1.0
# 删除多个镜像
docker rmi bde7d154a67f 94543a6c1aef e784f4560448
# 加载镜像
docker load -i mynginx.tar 


# 登录 docker hub
docker login
# 重新给镜像打标签
docker tag mynginx:v1.0 leifengyang/mynginx:v1.0
# 推送镜像
docker push leifengyang/mynginx:v1.0

注意：使用docker运行nginx的时候，在没有配置端口映射的时候是无法访问到nginx的欢迎页面的，因为nginx这个时候运行在容器中，即相当于运行在一个小型的linux系统中，除非访问的是这个linux系统的ip，否则是访问不到页面的。这个时候就需要进行端口映射，将本机的端口映射到容器上，来通过本机的地址访问页面

5、存储

两种方式，注意区分：

目录挂载： -v /app/nghtml:/usr/share/nginx/html
卷映射：-v ngconf:/etc/nginx

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docker run -d -p 99:80 \
-v /app/nghtml:/usr/share/nginx/html \
-v ngconf:/etc/nginx \
--name app03 \
nginx

补充：

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#删除当前正在运行的所有的容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)

6、网络

创建自定义网络，实现主机名作为稳定域名访问

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docker会为每个容器分配唯一ip，使用容器ip+容器端口可以互相访问

缺点：ip由于各种原因可能会变化，不稳定

为了解决上述的问题，docker提供了一种自定义网络的形式（docker0默认不支持主机域名）==创建自定义网络，容器名就是稳定域名==

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#查看容器的细节
docker container inspect app1

6.1 Redis主从同步集群

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#自定义网络
docker network create mynet
#主节点
docker run -d -p 6379:6379 \
-v /app/rd1:/bitnami/redis/data \
-e REDIS_REPLICATION_MODE=master \
-e REDIS_PASSWORD=123456 \
--network mynet --name redis01 \
bitnami/redis

#从节点
docker run -d -p 6380:6379 \
-v /app/rd2:/bitnami/redis/data \
-e REDIS_REPLICATION_MODE=slave \
-e REDIS_MASTER_HOST=redis01 \
-e REDIS_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER=6379 \
-e REDIS_MASTER_PASSWORD=123456 \
-e REDIS_PASSWORD=123456 \
--network mynet --name redis02 \
bitnami/redis

6.2 启动MySQL

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docker run -d -p 3306:3306 \
-v /app/myconf:/etc/mysql/conf.d \
-v /app/mydata:/var/lib/mysql \
-e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 \
mysql:8.0.37-debian

7、Docker Compose

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上线：指第一次启动，之前从来没有启动过
启动：指之前启动过，然后停止了容器运行，现在再次启动
扩容：指增加运行的容器的份数，如上图中的示例，使得x2容器一共启动了3份

7.1 命令式安装

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#创建网络
docker network create blog

#启动mysql
docker run -d -p 3306:3306 \
-e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 \
-e MYSQL_DATABASE=wordpress \
-v mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql \
-v /app/myconf:/etc/mysql/conf.d \
--restart always --name mysql \
--network blog \
mysql:8.0

#启动wordpress
docker run -d -p 8080:80 \
-e WORDPRESS_DB_HOST=mysql \
-e WORDPRESS_DB_USER=root \
-e WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD=123456 \
-e WORDPRESS_DB_NAME=wordpress \
-v wordpress:/var/www/html \
--restart always --name wordpress-app \
--network blog \
wordpress:latest

7.2 compose.yaml

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name: myblog
services:
  mysql:
    container_name: mysql
    image: mysql:8.0
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    environment:
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456
      - MYSQL_DATABASE=wordpress
    volumes:
      - mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql
      - /app/myconf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
    restart: always
    networks:
      - blog

  wordpress:
    image: wordpress
    ports:
      - "8080:80"
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: mysql
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: root
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: 123456
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: wordpress
    volumes:
      - wordpress:/var/www/html
    restart: always
    networks:
      - blog
    depends_on:
      - mysql

volumes:
  mysql-data:
  wordpress:

networks:
  blog:

8、 Dockerfile

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FROM openjdk:17

LABEL author=leifengyang

COPY app.jar /app.jar

EXPOSE 8080

ENTRYPOINT ["java","-jar","/app.jar"]

9、附录-一键安装超多中间件

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#Disable memory paging and swapping performance
sudo swapoff -a

# Edit the sysctl config file
sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf

# Add a line to define the desired value
# or change the value if the key exists,
# and then save your changes.
vm.max_map_count=262144

# Reload the kernel parameters using sysctl
sudo sysctl -p

# Verify that the change was applied by checking the value
cat /proc/sys/vm/max_map_count

7.1 yaml

注意：

将下面文件中 kafka 的 119.45.147.122 改为你自己的服务器IP。

所有容器都做了时间同步，这样容器的时间和linux主机的时间就一致了

准备一个 compose.yaml文件，内容如下：

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name: devsoft
services:
  redis:
    image: bitnami/redis:latest
    restart: always
    container_name: redis
    environment:
      - REDIS_PASSWORD=123456
    ports:
      - '6379:6379'
    volumes:
      - redis-data:/bitnami/redis/data
      - redis-conf:/opt/bitnami/redis/mounted-etc
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0.31
    restart: always
    container_name: mysql
    environment:
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456
    ports:
      - '3306:3306'
      - '33060:33060'
    volumes:
      - mysql-conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
      - mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

  rabbit:
    image: rabbitmq:3-management
    restart: always
    container_name: rabbitmq
    ports:
      - "5672:5672"
      - "15672:15672"
    environment:
      - RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_USER=rabbit
      - RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_PASS=rabbit
      - RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_VHOST=dev
    volumes:
      - rabbit-data:/var/lib/rabbitmq
      - rabbit-app:/etc/rabbitmq
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
  opensearch-node1:
    image: opensearchproject/opensearch:2.13.0
    container_name: opensearch-node1
    environment:
      - cluster.name=opensearch-cluster # Name the cluster
      - node.name=opensearch-node1 # Name the node that will run in this container
      - discovery.seed_hosts=opensearch-node1,opensearch-node2 # Nodes to look for when discovering the cluster
      - cluster.initial_cluster_manager_nodes=opensearch-node1,opensearch-node2 # Nodes eligibile to serve as cluster manager
      - bootstrap.memory_lock=true # Disable JVM heap memory swapping
      - "OPENSEARCH_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx512m" # Set min and max JVM heap sizes to at least 50% of system RAM
      - "DISABLE_INSTALL_DEMO_CONFIG=true" # Prevents execution of bundled demo script which installs demo certificates and security configurations to OpenSearch
      - "DISABLE_SECURITY_PLUGIN=true" # Disables Security plugin
    ulimits:
      memlock:
        soft: -1 # Set memlock to unlimited (no soft or hard limit)
        hard: -1
      nofile:
        soft: 65536 # Maximum number of open files for the opensearch user - set to at least 65536
        hard: 65536
    volumes:
      - opensearch-data1:/usr/share/opensearch/data # Creates volume called opensearch-data1 and mounts it to the container
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
    ports:
      - 9200:9200 # REST API
      - 9600:9600 # Performance Analyzer

  opensearch-node2:
    image: opensearchproject/opensearch:2.13.0
    container_name: opensearch-node2
    environment:
      - cluster.name=opensearch-cluster # Name the cluster
      - node.name=opensearch-node2 # Name the node that will run in this container
      - discovery.seed_hosts=opensearch-node1,opensearch-node2 # Nodes to look for when discovering the cluster
      - cluster.initial_cluster_manager_nodes=opensearch-node1,opensearch-node2 # Nodes eligibile to serve as cluster manager
      - bootstrap.memory_lock=true # Disable JVM heap memory swapping
      - "OPENSEARCH_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx512m" # Set min and max JVM heap sizes to at least 50% of system RAM
      - "DISABLE_INSTALL_DEMO_CONFIG=true" # Prevents execution of bundled demo script which installs demo certificates and security configurations to OpenSearch
      - "DISABLE_SECURITY_PLUGIN=true" # Disables Security plugin
    ulimits:
      memlock:
        soft: -1 # Set memlock to unlimited (no soft or hard limit)
        hard: -1
      nofile:
        soft: 65536 # Maximum number of open files for the opensearch user - set to at least 65536
        hard: 65536
    volumes:
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
      - opensearch-data2:/usr/share/opensearch/data # Creates volume called opensearch-data2 and mounts it to the container

  opensearch-dashboards:
    image: opensearchproject/opensearch-dashboards:2.13.0
    container_name: opensearch-dashboards
    ports:
      - 5601:5601 # Map host port 5601 to container port 5601
    expose:
      - "5601" # Expose port 5601 for web access to OpenSearch Dashboards
    environment:
      - 'OPENSEARCH_HOSTS=["http://opensearch-node1:9200","http://opensearch-node2:9200"]'
      - "DISABLE_SECURITY_DASHBOARDS_PLUGIN=true" # disables security dashboards plugin in OpenSearch Dashboards
    volumes:
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
  zookeeper:
    image: bitnami/zookeeper:3.9
    container_name: zookeeper
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "2181:2181"
    volumes:
      - "zookeeper_data:/bitnami"
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
    environment:
      - ALLOW_ANONYMOUS_LOGIN=yes

  kafka:
    image: 'bitnami/kafka:3.4'
    container_name: kafka
    restart: always
    hostname: kafka
    ports:
      - '9092:9092'
      - '9094:9094'
    environment:
      - KAFKA_CFG_NODE_ID=0
      - KAFKA_CFG_PROCESS_ROLES=controller,broker
      - KAFKA_CFG_LISTENERS=PLAINTEXT://:9092,CONTROLLER://:9093,EXTERNAL://0.0.0.0:9094
      - KAFKA_CFG_ADVERTISED_LISTENERS=PLAINTEXT://kafka:9092,EXTERNAL://119.45.147.122:9094
      - KAFKA_CFG_LISTENER_SECURITY_PROTOCOL_MAP=CONTROLLER:PLAINTEXT,EXTERNAL:PLAINTEXT,PLAINTEXT:PLAINTEXT
      - KAFKA_CFG_CONTROLLER_QUORUM_VOTERS=0@kafka:9093
      - KAFKA_CFG_CONTROLLER_LISTENER_NAMES=CONTROLLER
      - ALLOW_PLAINTEXT_LISTENER=yes
      - "KAFKA_HEAP_OPTS=-Xmx512m -Xms512m"
    volumes:
      - kafka-conf:/bitnami/kafka/config
      - kafka-data:/bitnami/kafka/data
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
  kafka-ui:
    container_name: kafka-ui
    image: provectuslabs/kafka-ui:latest
    restart: always
    ports:
      - 8080:8080
    environment:
      DYNAMIC_CONFIG_ENABLED: true
      KAFKA_CLUSTERS_0_NAME: kafka-dev
      KAFKA_CLUSTERS_0_BOOTSTRAPSERVERS: kafka:9092
    volumes:
      - kafkaui-app:/etc/kafkaui
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

  nacos:
    image: nacos/nacos-server:v2.3.1
    container_name: nacos
    ports:
      - 8848:8848
      - 9848:9848
    environment:
      - PREFER_HOST_MODE=hostname
      - MODE=standalone
      - JVM_XMX=512m
      - JVM_XMS=512m
      - SPRING_DATASOURCE_PLATFORM=mysql
      - MYSQL_SERVICE_HOST=nacos-mysql
      - MYSQL_SERVICE_DB_NAME=nacos_devtest
      - MYSQL_SERVICE_PORT=3306
      - MYSQL_SERVICE_USER=nacos
      - MYSQL_SERVICE_PASSWORD=nacos
      - MYSQL_SERVICE_DB_PARAM=characterEncoding=utf8&connectTimeout=1000&socketTimeout=3000&autoReconnect=true&useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai&allowPublicKeyRetrieval=true
      - NACOS_AUTH_IDENTITY_KEY=2222
      - NACOS_AUTH_IDENTITY_VALUE=2xxx
      - NACOS_AUTH_TOKEN=SecretKey012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
      - NACOS_AUTH_ENABLE=true
    volumes:
      - /app/nacos/standalone-logs/:/home/nacos/logs
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
    depends_on:
      nacos-mysql:
        condition: service_healthy
  nacos-mysql:
    container_name: nacos-mysql
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile_inline: |
        FROM mysql:8.0.31
        ADD https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alibaba/nacos/2.3.2/distribution/conf/mysql-schema.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/nacos-mysql.sql
        RUN chown -R mysql:mysql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/nacos-mysql.sql
        EXPOSE 3306
        CMD ["mysqld", "--character-set-server=utf8mb4", "--collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci"]
    image: nacos/mysql:8.0.30
    environment:
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root
      - MYSQL_DATABASE=nacos_devtest
      - MYSQL_USER=nacos
      - MYSQL_PASSWORD=nacos
      - LANG=C.UTF-8
    volumes:
      - nacos-mysqldata:/var/lib/mysql
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
    ports:
      - "13306:3306"
    healthcheck:
      test: [ "CMD", "mysqladmin" ,"ping", "-h", "localhost" ]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 10
  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus:v2.52.0
    container_name: prometheus
    restart: always
    ports:
      - 9090:9090
    volumes:
      - prometheus-data:/prometheus
      - prometheus-conf:/etc/prometheus
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

  grafana:
    image: grafana/grafana:10.4.2
    container_name: grafana
    restart: always
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    volumes:
      - grafana-data:/var/lib/grafana
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

volumes:
  redis-data:
  redis-conf:
  mysql-conf:
  mysql-data:
  rabbit-data:
  rabbit-app:
  opensearch-data1:
  opensearch-data2:
  nacos-mysqldata:
  zookeeper_data:
  kafka-conf:
  kafka-data:
  kafkaui-app:
  prometheus-data:
  prometheus-conf:
  grafana-data:

7.2 启动

1
2
3


# 在 compose.yaml 文件所在的目录下执行
docker compose up -d
# 等待启动所有容器

tip：如果重启了服务器，可能有些容器会启动失败。再执行一遍 docker compose up -d即可。所有程序都可运行成功，并且不会丢失数据。请放心使用。

7.3 访问

zookeeper可视化工具下载：
- https://github.com/vran-dev/PrettyZoo/releases/download/v2.1.1/prettyZoo-win.zip
redis可视化工具下载：
- https://github.com/qishibo/AnotherRedisDesktopManager/releases/download/v1.6.4/Another-Redis-Desktop-Manager.1.6.4.exe

组件（容器名）	介绍	访问地址	账号/密码	特性
Redis(redis)	k-v 库	你的ip:6379	单密码模式：123456	已开启AOF
MySQL(mysql)	数据库	你的ip:3306	root/123456	默认utf8mb4字符集
Rabbit(rabbit)	消息队列	你的ip:15672	rabbit/rabbit	暴露5672和15672端口
OpenSearch(opensearch-node1/2)	检索引擎	你的ip:9200		内存512mb；两个节点
opensearch-dashboards	search可视化	你的ip:5601
Zookeeper(zookeeper)	分布式协调	你的ip:2181		允许匿名登录
kafka(kafka)	消息队列	你的ip:9092 外部访问:9094		占用内存512mb
kafka-ui(kafka-ui)	kafka可视化	你的ip:8080
nacos(nacos)	注册/配置中心	你的ip:8848	nacos/nacos	持久化数据到MySQL
nacos-mysql(nacos-mysql)	nacos配套数据库	你的ip:13306	root/root
prometheus(prometheus)	时序数据库	你的ip:9090
grafana(grafana)		你的ip:3000	admin/admin